Subsurface voids pose significant concerns to geotechnical integrity. Accurately locating these voids is fundamental for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole examination, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground electrical
Geotechnical exploration methods are crucial for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These features can significantly affect the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and slope. A variety of ground-based exploration methods are employed to locate cavities and voids. These include drilling, geophysical techniques such as sei
Geophysical exploration utilizes a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to localize subsurface structures and signatures indicative of mineral presence. These geophysical techniques often involve the observation o